Search inside document. William H. In our effort to create and sustain public spaces that build communities, Project for Public Spaces runs Programs in markets, transportation, parks and civic squares, and public buildings. Our programs in transportation are help- ing to reduce sprawl and create more livable communities by encouraging the use of transit and traffic calming, And we manage the Urban Parks Institute, which promotes parks as community places.
Alexandra Aonofriesei. Diana Chisiu. Oana Paval. Chester Arcilla. Diana Andra Ionescu. Sebastian Comanescu. Ioana Inoue. Lia Neves. Madalina Paftala. Sneha Nahar. Irina Ciocan. Anis Azman. More From Javaria Ahmad. Javaria Ahmad. Dynamics of Pedestrian Movement in a Public Final. Urban Open Spaces. Public Places - Urban Spaces. Making the Most of Small Spaces. Practical Ideas for Small Spaces. The Social Life of Information. Learning in small moments: life in an urban classroom. Small Groups [Social Psychology.
Social Theory and the Urban Question. The Social Life of Opium in China. I f man, some tourists, perhaps an odd type, there are double-sided benches parallel to like a scavenger woman with shopping a street, the inner side will usually have a bags. I f there is any construction work i n high proportion o f women; the outer, o f the vicinity, hard hats will appear shortly men.
Things will start to liven up. They work at it, A r o u n d noon, the main clientele begins to and so demonstratively as to suggest that arrive. Soon, activity will be near peak and their chief interest may not really be the will stay there until a little before girls so much as the show o f watching P.
Some 80 percent o f the total hours o f them. Generally, the watchers line up use will be concentrated i n these two quite close together, i n groups o f three to hours. I n m i d and late afternoon, use is five. I f they are construction workers, they again sporadic. I f there's a special event, will be very demonstrative, much given to such as a jazz concert, the flow going whistling, laughing, direct salutations.
Ordinarily, New York's financial area. I n midtown, however, plazas go dead by and stay they are more inhibited, playing it coolly, that way u n t i l the next m o r n i n g. T h e way town or downtown. N o t once have we people distribute themselves over the ever seen a girl watcher pick up a girl, or space, however, will be fairly consistent, attempt to.
When people; since then, there have been many strangers are i n proximity, the nearest changeovers i n personnel, but it is still a thing to an exchange is what Erving Goff- gathering place for raffish younger peo- man has called civil inattention. I f there ple. Watch closely, Seif-Congesfion however, and you will see them give them- What attracts people most, it would ap- selves away with covert glances, involun- pear, is other people. I f I belabor the tary p r i m p i n g o f the hair, tugs at the ear- point, it is because many urban spaces are lobe.
B u t were true, and that what people liked best not where you would expect them. When were the places they stay away from. Peo- we first started interviewing, people told ple often do talk along such lines; this is us we'd find lovers i n the rear places pot why their responses to questionnaires can smokers, too. But they weren't usually be so misleading. How many people there. They would be out front. T h e most would say they Tike to sit i n the middle o f fervent embracing we've recorded on film a crowd?
Instead, they speak o f getting has usually taken place i n the most visible away from it all, and use terms like "es- of locations, with the couple oblivious o f cape," "oasis," "retreat.
Certain locations become rendezvous This was first brought home to us i n a points for coteries o f various kinds. For a study o f street conversations. When peo- while, the south wall o f Chase plaza was a ple stop to have a conversation, we won- gathering point for camera bugs, the kind dered, how far away do they move from who like to buy new lenses and talk about the main pedestrian flow? We were espe- them.
Patterns o f this sort may last no cially interested i n finding out how much more than a season—or persist for years. So we set up This does not seem to be a matter o f in- time-lapse cameras overlooking several ertia but o f choice—instinctive, perhaps, key street corners and began plotting the but by no means illogical. I n the center o f location o f all conversations lasting a min- the crowd you have the maximum choice— ute or longer. They stayed in it. A t the flow—the percent location, to use the Seagram plaza, the main pedestrian paths real-estate term.
The same gravitation are on diagonals from the building en- characterized "traveling conversations"— trance to the corners o f the steps. These the kind in which two men move about, are natural j u n c t i o n and transfer points alternating the roles o f straight man and and there is usually a lot o f activity at principal talker. There is a lot o f apparent them. They are also a favored place for motion. But i f you plot the orbits, you will sitting and picnicking.
Sometimes there find they are usually centered around the will be so many people that pedestrians percent spot. T h e pedestrians rarely complain. I t is While some will detour around the block- understandable that conversations should age, most will thread their way through it. Conversa- Standing patterns are similar. When tions are incident to pedestrian journeys; people stop to talk o n a plaza, they usually where there are the most people, the like- do so i n the middle o f the traffic stream.
What is less explainable is themselves near objects, such as a flagpole people's inclination to remain i n the main or a statue. They like well-defined places, flow, blocking traffic, being jostled by it. There are a number o f explanations. T h e preference for pillars might be as- cribed to some primeval instinct: you have a full view o f all comers but your rear is covered.
But this doesn't explain the incli- nation men have for lining up at the curb. Typically they face inwards, toward the sidewalk, with their backs exposed to the dangers o f the street. Foot movements are consistent, too. They seem to be a sort o f silent language. Often, i n a shmoozing group no one will be saying anything. Men stand bound in amiable silence, surveying the passing scene. T h e n , slowly, rhythmically, one o f the men rocks up and down: first on the ball o f the foot, then back on the heel.
H e stops. Another man starts the same move- ment. Sometimes there are reciprocal ges- tures. One man makes a half t u r n to the right. T h e n , after a rhythmic interval, an- other responds with a half t u r n to the left. Some kind o f communication seems to be taking place here, but I've never broken the code.
Whatever they may mean, people's color i n the right places, like Corot's red movements are one o f the great spectacles dots. You do not see this i n architec- How peculiar are such patterns to New tural photographs, which typically are York? O u r working assumption was that empty o f life and are taken f r o m a per- behavior in other cities would probably spective few people share. I t is a quite differ little, and subsequent comparisons misleading one.
A t eye level the scene have proved our assumption correct. The comes alive with movement and color— important variable is city size. As I will people walking quickly, walking slowly, discuss i n more detail, i n smaller cities, skipping u p steps, weaving in and out on densities tend to be lower, pedestrians crossing patterns, accelerating and retard- move at a slower pace, and there is less o f ing to match the moves o f the others.
I n most other respects, pe- watch, and one senses that the players are destrian patterns are similar. You see this, Observers i n other countries have also too, i n the way they arrange themselves noted the tendency to self-congestion. I n on steps and ledges. They often do so his study o f pedestrians i n Copenhagen, with a grace that they, too, must sense. Matthew Ciolek studied an Austra- the rain, when an umbrella or two spots lian shopping center, with similar results.
Similarly, of people were found to select their sites shmoozing patterns i n Milan's Galleria are for social interaction right on or very close remarkably like those i n New York's gar- to the traffic lines intersecting the plaza. Modest conclusion: given the Relatively few people formed their gather- basic elements o f a center city—such as ings away from the spaces used for navi- high pedestrian volumes, and concentra- gation.
People i n another. Big-city people walk faster, for one thing, and they self-congest. After we had completed our New York study, we made a brief compari- son study o f Tokyo and found the procliv- ity to stop and talk i n the middle o f de- partment-store doorways, busy corners, and the like, is just as strong i n that city as i n New York.
Day i n , day out, many o f them would sit at certain plazas, few at others. O n the face o f it, there should not have been this variance.
Most o f the plazas we were studying were fairly comparable. W i t h few exceptions, they were on major avenues and usually occupied a block front. They were close to bus stops and subway stations and had strong pedestrian flows on the sidewalks beside them. Yet when we rated plazas according to the number o f people sitting on them at peak time, there was a very wide range—from 4.
I people at 77 Water Street to 17 at Park Avenue see chart 1. How come? T h e first factor we studied was the sun. We thought it might well be the critical one, and our initial time-lapse studies seemed to bear this out.
Subse- quent studies d i d not. As I will note later, they showed that the sun was important, but did not explain the difference i n the popularity o f plazas. Nor d i d aesthetics. We never thought ourselves capable o f measuring such fac- tors, but d i d expect o u r research to show the most successful plazas would tend to be the most pleasing visually. Seagram's seemed very much a case in point. Here again, the evidence proved conflicting.
Not only was clean, elegant Seagram's suc- cessful; so was the f u n plaza at 77 Water Street, which some architects look on as kitsch. Peter's Church, part o f the Citicorp com- tnt, plex, has become one o f the most- the used sitting places o n Lexington Avenue.
Patrick's Cathedral. Urban designers believed this was spaces around it. They were partic- Mies turned his corners, and so on. T h e ularly anxious to rule out "strip plazas"— person sitting on the plaza may be quite long narrow spaces that were little more unaware o f such matters.
H e is more apt than enlarged sidewalks, and empty more to be looking i n the other direction: not often than not. Designers felt a developer up at other buildings, but at what is going shouldn't get bonuses for these strips, and on at eye level.
T o say this is not to slight to this end they wanted to rule out spaces the designer's eye or his handling o f the length o f which was more than three space. T h e area around Seagram's is a times the width. M y per- deed, empty o f people most o f the time. Some square contributes to the enjoyment o f using the plazas were empty, too, and several o f the Seagram plaza. But I certainly can't prove most heavily used places were, i n fact, this with figures. O u r research d i d not eral o f the larger had lots o f people, and prove shape unimportant or designers' i n - several o f the larger had very few people.
I n some circumstances, it can have more critical. I f not shape, could the amount o f space What about the amount o f sittable space? Some conservationists Here we begin to get close.
As chart 3 were sure this would be it. I n their view, shows, the most popular plazas tend to people seek open spaces as a relief from have considerably more sitting space than the overcrowding they are normally sub- the less well-used ones.
T h e relationship is jected to, and it would follow that places rough. For one reason, the amount o f sit- affording the greatest feeling o f light and ting space does not include any qualitative space would draw the most. I f we ranked factors: a foot o f concrete ledge counts for plazas by the amount o f space, there as m u c h as a foot o f comfortable bench surely would be a positive correlation be- space. We considered weighting the fig- tween the size o f the plazas and the n u m - ures o n a point basis—so many points for ber o f persons using them.
This would have pro- ship. As can be seen i n chart 2, several o f duced a nicer conformance on the chart. Once you start working back- wards this way, there's no end to it. Ideally, sitting should be physically com- There was no necessity. N o matter how fortable—benches with backrests, well- many variables we checked, one point contoured chairs. It's more important, kept coming through. We at last saw that however, that it be socially comfortable. This may not strike you as an intellec- Choice should be built into the basic tual bombshell, and, now that I look back design.
Even though benches and chairs on o u r study, I wonder why it was not can be added, the best course is to maxi- more apparent to us from the beginning. Sitting space, to be sure, is only one o f the This means making ledges so they are sit- many variables, and, without a control sit- table, or making other flat surfaces do uation as a measure, one cannot be sure double duty as table tops or seats.
There o f cause and effect. But sitting space is are almost always such opportunities. Be- most certainly prerequisite. T h e most at- cause the elevation changes somewhat on tractive fountains, the most striking de- most building sites, there are b o u n d to be signs, cannot induce people to come and several levels o f flat space.
It's no more sit i f there is no place to sit. Money can be saved by not doing such things, and the open space is more likely to be an amenable one. This is one o f the lessons o f Seagram's. Philip Johnson recounts that when Mies van der Rohe saw people sitting on the ledges, he was quite surprised. He had never dreamt they would.
B u t the archi- tects had valued simplicity. So there were no fussy railings, no shrubbery, no gratui- tous changes in elevation, no ornamenta- tion to clutter spaces. T h e steps were made easy and inviting. T h e place was eminently sittable, without a bench on it.
T h e periphery includes some feet o f ledge and step space, which is just right for sitting, eating, and sunbathing. People use all o f it. So ledges ought to be sittable. But how should this be defined?
What you do not prescribe versary proceedings ahead, be able to back quite explicitly, you do not get. Lack o f guidelines does not give build- The proceedings turned out to be ad- ers and architects more freedom.
I t rein- versary i n a way we hadn't expected. The forces convention. That is why so few attack came o n the grounds that the zon- good, plazas were b uilt under the t ing was too specific. A n d it came not from zoning resolution. There was no law pre- builders, but from members o f a local venting builders from providing better planning board. Rather than spell out the plazas. There weren't any guidelines requirements i n specific detail, the board either. A n d most builders do not do any- argued, the zoning should deai only with thing far out o f the ordinary.
A few had broad directives—for example, make the sought special permits for amenities not place sittable—leaving, details to be settled countenanced by existing regulations. But on a case-by-case basis. I t is a persuasive one, especially for r u n a gauntlet o f city agencies, with inno- laymen, and, at the inevitable moment i n vation as likely to be punished as re- zoning meetings when someone gets up warded.
Be done with bureaucratic nitpick- Sitting Heights ing and legal gobbledygook. One guideline we expected to establish But ambiguity is a worse problem. Most easily was the matter o f sitting heights. I t incentive zoning ordinances are very, very seemed obvious enough that somewhere specific as to what the developer gets.
T h e around 17 inches would probably be near trouble is that they are mushy as to what the optimum. But how much higher or he is to give, and mushier yet as to what lower could a surface be and still be sitta- will happen i f later he doesn't. Vague stip- ble? Thanks to the slope o f sites, several ulations, as many cities have learned, are o f the most sat-upon ledges provided a Some places, like Liberty Plaza i n Washington, D.
Most frustrating are the ledges just deep The front ledge o f Seagram's, for exam- enough to tempt people to sit on both ple, started at 7 inches at one corner, ris- sides, but too shallow to let them do so ing to 44 at the other.
Here was a dandy comfortably. Observe such places and you chance, we thought, to do a definitive will see people making awkward adjust- study. By repeated observation, we could ments. T h e benches at General Motors record how many people sat at which plaza are a case in point.
They are 24 point over the range o f heights; as cumu- inches deep and normally used on only lative tallies built, preferences would be- one side. O n Sundays, however, a heavy come clear. A t a given time there on both sides o f the benches.
Not i n com- might be clusters o f people on one part o f fort: they have to sit on the forward edge, the ledge, considerably fewer on another. When we cu- tacit truce.
We had to conclude that that are not as deep. While 30 inches will people will sit almost anywhere between a do it, 36 is better yet. The new zoning height o f one foot and three, and this is provides a good incentive. I f a ledge o r the range specified i n the new zoning. The inch fig- conditions. I t is a dimension ar- minimum-depth ledge we came across that chitects seem to have forgotten. Rarely was consistently used on both sides. Except on very beautiful days, the steps o f the New York Public Library are underused.
These steps could become one o f New York's great, gathering spots. But the step principle can be space. They probably won't. But that is applied with good effect to ledges. The benefit o f the extra Corners are functional. You will notice space is social comfort—more room for that people often bunch at the far end of groups and individuals to sort themselves steps, especially when an abutting ledge out, more choices and more perception o f provides a right angle.
These areas are choices. People in Steps work for the same reason. The groups gravitate to them. Most people watching the theater o f the street. The take short cuts, and pedestrian flows i n new zoning ordinance does not credit plazas are usually on the diagonals be- steps as sitting space. I t was felt that this tween the building entrance and the cor- would give builders too easy an out and ners o f the steps.
We see this at Seagram's. The that you will find the heaviest concentra- new zoning makes such amenities manda- tion o f people sitting, sunbathing, and pic- tory, specifying, among other things, that nicking.
But, for all the bustle, or because all steps along the main access paths have of it, the sitters seem to feel comfortable. For the bene- blockages rather than detour around fit of the handicapped, the zoning also them. These are not AH things being equal, you can calculate segregated for the handicapped, it should that where pedestrian flows bisect a sitta- be noted. N o facilities are segregated.
The ble place, that is where people will most idea is to make all o f a place usable for likely sit. A n d it is not so perverse o f everyone. I t is by choice that they do.
I f there is some congestion, it is an amiable one, and a testimonial to the place. Benches Circulation and sitting, i n sum, are not Benches are artifacts the purpose o f antithetical but complementary.
They're not so good for sitting. The easier the flow small; they are often isolated from other between street and plaza, the more likely benches or from whatever action there is people are to move between the two—and on the plaza. Worse yet, architects tend to to tarry and sit. I f plaza, unaware that it didn't work very circulation and amenities are planned with well i n the first place.
For example, H a r r i - them i n mind, the place is apt to function son and Abramowitz's plazas at Rockefel- more easily for everyone. Drinking foun- ler Center are excellent i n many respects, tains that are low enough for wheelchair but the basic bench module they've stuck users are low enough for children. Pedes- to is exquisitely w r o n g i n its dimensions— trian paths that are made easier for the 7.
There are few few work vastly better, as some utilitarian that could not be vastly improved, but in it benches i n the same area demonstrate. The whe The technological barriers to better people responsible for the place are the are bench design are not insuperable. The least ,,likely o f all to consider it.
Back- Chairs Si rests and armrests are proved devices. If a The old-fashioned park bench is still one Now, a wonderful invention—the movable cou of the best liked because it provides them; chair.
Having a back, it is comfortable; som of the newer designs that also do, some of more so, i f it has an armrest as well. But takt the stock ones o f the play- and park- the big asset is movability. Chairs enlarge mes equipment manufacturers are best.
Archi- choice: to move into the sun, out o f it, to thej tects have had a way with chairs; for some make room for groups, move away from goij reason they seem to come a cropper with them.
T h e possibility o f choice is as i m - min benches. I f you know othi They do worst when they freeze their you can move i f you want to, you feel cise bench designs i n concrete permanence. I f more comfortable staying put. This has been a problem with a number o f pedestrian malls, where all de- sign bets were made before the mall was opened. I f some o f the sitting areas go unused, there's no easy way o f heeding the lesson, or, indeed, o f recognizing that there is one. Why not experiment?
Some features, like ledges and steps, will be fixed, but benches and chairs don't have to be. With sturdy wooden benches or the like, some simple market research can be done to find out where and i n what kind o f groupings they work best. People will be very quick to let you know. We have found that by the second day the basic use patterns will be established, and these won't change very much unless the set-up is changed. A n d it will be clear in what direction the changes should be made.
If one looks. This is the gap. Rarely will you ever see a plan for a public space that even countenances the possibility that parts o f it might not work very well: that calls for experiment and testing, and for post-construction evaluation to see what does work well and what doesn't. Existing 34 Wmmmm. Brightly ut in it, with the chair ending up about painted and artfully grouped, they can The where it was in the first place. The moves make fine decorative elements: metal love- the are functional, however.
They are a decla- seats, revolving stools, squares o f stone, ration o f autonomy, to oneself, and rather sitting stumps. But they are set pieces. That is the trouble with them. Social dis- Small moves say things to other people. Again, he may not right for anybody. Loveseats may be all But take the chair very far, but he conveys a right for lovers, but they're too close for large message. Sorry about the closeness, but acquaintances, and much too close for it, to there's no room elsewhere, and I am strangers.
A reciprocal move by one o f the seat lest someone else sit on it. Watching these exer- Fixed seats are awkward i n open spaces el cises i n civility is itself one o f the pleasures because there's so much space around is why, of a good place. I n theaters, strangers sit next to ur a Fixed individual seats are not good.
Left: Benches p u t r i g h t i n the middle o f the sidewalk outside T h i r d Avenue draw heavy use. O n plazas, the closeness is gra- tuitous. W i t h so much space around, fixed-seat groupings have a manipulative cuteness to them.
T h e designer is saying, 1 now' you sit right here and you sit there. People balk. I n some instances, they wrench the seats from their moorings.
Where there is a choice between fixed seats and other kinds o f sitting, it is the other that people choose. To encourage the use o f movable chairs, we recommended that i n the zoning amendment they be credited as 30 inches o f sitting space, though most are only about 19 inches wide.
The Building de- partment objected. I t objected to the idea o f movable chairs at all. T h e department had the responsibility o f seeing that build- ers lived up to requirements.
Suppose the chairs were stolen or broken and the builder didn't replace them? Whether the department would ever check up i n any event was a moot point, but it was true that the fewer such amenities to monitor, the easier the monitoring would be. Forced choice is rarely chosen.
Happily, there was a successful record at T h e impulse to move chairs, whether only six or eight inches, is very strong. Even where there is no functional reason for it, the exercise o f choice is satisfying.
Perhaps this is why the woman above moved her chair a foot—neither into the sun nor out o f i t. T h e chairs stayed in. They have become a standard amenity at new places, and the maintenance experience has been excel- lent. Managements have also been putting in chairs to liven up existing spaces, and, even without incentives, they have been adding more chairs. The most generous provider is the Metropolitan Museum o f A r t.
Alongside its front steps, it puts out up to movable chairs and it leaves them out, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. T h e Met figured that it might be less expensive to trust people and to buy People outside the Metropolitan Museum o f A r t replacements periodically rather than have move their chairs close to the sidewalk to enjoy the guards gather the chairs in every night. T h a t is the way it has worked out. There is little vandalism. The truth is that almost any reason- able yardstick would work as well as ours.
How Much Sitting S p a c e? It's the fact o f one that is important. A key question we had to confront was This said, let me tell how conscientious how much sitting space should be re- we were. We measured and remeasured quired. We spent a lot o f time on this— the sitting space on most o f the plazas and much too much, I now realize—and I ' m small parks in midtown and downtown tempted to recount our various calcula- New York. Although architects' plans were space to the size o f the plaza.
As a ball- park figure, it looked like somewhere around 10 percent would be a reasonable minimum to require o f builders. For other comparisons we turned to lin- ear feet. This is a more precise measure of sitting space than square feet, and a more revealing one.
As long as there's some clearance for one's back, the addi- tional square inches behind one don't mat- ter very much. I t is the edges o f sitting surface that do the work, and it is the edges that should be made the most of. For a basis o f comparison, we took the number o f linear feet around the total site. Since the perimeter includes the building, the distance is a measure o f the T h e m a x i m u m use o f flat surfaces at Park bulk o f the project and its impact on the Avenue offers a tremendous choice o f sitting com- surrounding environment.
Amenities binations. O n the most popular plazas, there were ers could easily furnish as many feet o f almost as many feet o f sitting space as sitting space as there are feet around the there were perimeter feet. This suggested perimeter o f the project. Even o n the best plazas, the architects This is reasonable, and builders have been could have done better.
T o get an idea o f meeting the requirement with no trouble. The exact tional space that could have been pro- ratio is not as important, however, as the vided on various plazas rather easily, while necessity o f considering the matter.
Once the original plans were being made. We an architect has to start thinking o f ways did not posit any changes i n basic layout, to make a place sittable, it is virtually i m - nor d i d we take the easy way o f adding a possible not to surpass any minimum. A n d lot o f benches. We concentrated on spaces other things follow. More thought must be that would be integral to the basic design. One felicity and very good space at that. T h e Exxon leads to another. Good places tend to be plaza, for example, has a fine pool bor- all o f a piece—and the reason can almost dered by two side ledges that you can't sit always be traced to a human being.
You can sit on the front and back ledges, but only o n the sides facing away from the pool. W i t h a few simple changes, such as broadening the ledges, sitting ca- pacity could have been doubled, providing some o f the best poolside space anywhere. As a ball- park figure, it looked like somewhere around 10 percent would be a reasonable m i n i m u m to require o f builders.
This is a more precise measure o f sitting space than square feet, and a more revealing one. Even on the best plazas, the architects This is reasonable, and builders have been could have done better.
T h e exact tional space that could have been pro- ratio is not as important, however, as the vided on various plazas rather easily, while necessity o f considering the matter. We an architect has to start thinking o f ways d i d not posit any changes i n basic layout, to make a place sittable, it is virtually im- nor d i d we take the easy way o f adding a possible not to surpass any minimum.
You can sit on the front and back ledges, but only on the sides facing away from the pool. With a few simple changes, such as broadening the ledges, sitting ca- pacity could have been doubled, providing some o f the best poolside space anywhere. I n late morning, the plaza was in shadow.
T h e n , shortly before noon, a narrow wedge o f sunlight began moving across the plaza and, as it d i d , so d i d the sitters. Where there was sun, they sat; where there was none, they didn't. I t was a perfectly splen- did correlation, and I cherished it. Like the urban designers, I believed a southern exposure o f critical importance.
Here was abundant proof. T h e n something went wrong. T h e cor- Farragut Square, Washington, D. The sun still moved; the people didn't. T h e obvious at length dawned on us: May had been followed by June.
While midday temperatures hadn't, risen a great deal, the extra warmth was enough to make the sun no longer the critical factor. I t was about this time that much o f Paley Park's sunlight began to be cut off by an office building going up across the street. F r o m its scaffolding we focused time-lapse cameras on the park and re- corded the effect o f the new building.
I t was surprisingly little. Although the sun- light was curtailed, people used Paley as much as they had before. Perhaps they would have used it more had the sun re- mained; without an identical place as con- trol, one can never be sure. Right: Some new buildings What simple figures don't measure, reflect tremendous amounts however, is the quality o f the experience, o f light, often into areas that which can be much greater when there is never got it before.
For then you have choice—of sun, or shade, o r in-between. The best time to sit beneath a tree is when there is sunlight to be shaded from. The more access to sun, the better, and, i f there is a southern ex- posure, it should be made the most of. New York's zoning now requires that new plazas and open spaces be so oriented.
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